EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Proof BASED PRACTICE PAPER - Essay Example As indicated by Cleary (143), a few people who don't experience the ill effects of any psychological instability hurt themselves as well as other people; nonetheless, experiencing mental conditions improves the probability of an individual doing self-hurt. People with character issue of any sort are at high danger of harming themselves; including double character issue and marginal character issue. What's more, fears to different regular marvels cause individuals to hurt themselves in one manner or the other, as is melancholy brought about by numerous weights of every day living. Schizophrenia decreases a person’s capacity to recognize genuine and envisioned things, subsequently making an individual mischief self or others. Likewise, schizophrenic patients will in general be self-destructive particularly if the patients are youthful and realize what the malady will do to their lives. Last in the rundown of mental issue is Munchausen Syndrome, however it brings about self-damag e less significantly. Late examinations have indicated that in critical condition patients are additionally in danger of submitting self-mischief or self destruction in outrageous cases, for example, HIV/AIDS patients. Mentally, self-hurt is brought about by any type of injury including youth misuse, mourning, and oppressive connections. Mental imbalance may make patients hurt themselves, while different factors in life in may likewise contribute, including neediness and joblessness. Lesch-Nyhan disorder is simply the main hereditary conditions that bring about self-hurt; nonetheless, hereditary qualities inclines an individual to conditions like pressure and misery that may make a patient self-hurt. Heavy drinkers are simply the most inclined medication clients hurt, representing more than 60 percent of medication clients who do as such. Hurting oneself because of medication impact may happen when an individual is mishandling the medications, because of the enslavement, or in view of withdrawal indications coming about because of endeavoring to stop the propensity (Laye-Gindhu and

DuPont Case Analysis Essay Example for Free

DuPont Case Analysis Essay Presentation: DuPont was built up in the year 1802 by French Chemist, E.I DuPont de Nemours in USA. DuPont got fruitful before third year's over and it began sending out back to its landmass, Europe. In the range of these 200 years, it had formed into a worldwide organization with assortment of ventures like Chemical, Energy, Science Based and High Technology. It amplified its assembling or preparing tasks in 40 nations and its items were sold in 150 places before the finish of 1990. The company’s 33% income originates from the European market from 1960. There are 50 organizations, which utilized in excess of 19,000 individuals in 14 nations of Europe. The researchers of DuPont built up the engineered strands industry by presenting nylon. They were the main maker of artificial filaments on the planet. The most significant result of DuPont is â€Å"Carpet Fibre†. This division was arrangement in Geneva, Switzerland which holds the RD, advertising and creation regions. Items were created in the UK and the business workplaces are in Germany, the UK, France, Belgium, Spain, Scandinavia, and Holland. CASE CONTEXT: DuPont’s item nylon cover fiber isn't unique in relation to different filaments accessible in the market; anyway they were the top players in fiber industry. The parameters like shading and surface are the variables that vary in the rugs. The fiber business has nothing to do with these things. The rug business is worried about these straightforwardly and they thusly prompted the wholesalers, retailers and thus to the clients. From the buyers perspective the rug ought to be bright, its surface is significant and it ought to be effectively kept up. DuPont has done broad research on the clients third intrigue for example upkeep and established the â€Å"Stain Master† that would permit to expel the stains forever. With this innovation, DuPont’s piece of the pie expanded by 5%. This was first presented in USA, later on with minor changes it has been propelled in Europe. It gave blended outcomes for the organization. DuPont’s choice is that the plants ought to have certain quality to utilize the procedure of stain ace. In Germany, numerous plants felt that they don’t have these principles set by them; thus they didn’t show enthusiasm for the item. The UK market and France advertise responded emphatically. Many companied executed similar formulae by giving low quality material at lower costs. This prompted the stake of DuPont’s position in the market by 1980. Realities: DuPont led explore in the European Industry after the decrease of its situation in the market. They came to know some significant realities: Stream of DuPont’s Fibers: DuPont’s Fibers Carpet Mills Wholesalers Retailers End Users The rug plants are amassed in just three nations the UK, France and Belgium. 80-20 guideline is applied in European market; 80% of the business is conveyed yet top 20% producers. To animate the market, they utilized the assistance of Style Books to the wholesalers and retailers. They were not steadfast clients to the fiber business. They concentrated on the organization that gives material at the best cost. Retail and Wholesale activities are altogether different in these nations. In Germanyâ wholesalers ruled in the UK and Belgium retailers ruled the gracefully chain. Issue: DuPont focused uniquely on the floor covering factories and they didn’t put forth any attempt in knowing the end clients. They put cash in RD for making developments in strands that will be provided to the rug factories. They are least tried to think about the clients. Options: DuPont need to focus on the procedures that esteem the clients without influencing the gracefully chain. As floor covering factories are the significant clients to DuPont, they have to hold them. â€Å"Creating faithful clients is at the core of each business†-Don Peppers and Martha Rogers. Distinguish the â€Å"Customer Benefit† and â€Å"Customer Cost† of the clients and give the item at â€Å"Customer-saw value† (CPV). Screen the fulfillment of the client by directing reviews. Investigation OF ALTERNATIVES: In Europe, there are 60 floor covering factories that can level DuPont’s norms; anyway just half of them are utilizing their strands. Rest of them meandering around for best cost. The factories utilizing DuPont’s filaments ought to be held and they have to examine the CPV worth and set the â€Å"price† in like manner. The â€Å"place† is additionally significant for setting the cost as European market is divided not normal for USA advertise which is having just four players. The clients give least inclination to floor coverings when they are purchasing house-hold types of gear. They are abhorring or respecting to look for covering as it is only a cover to secure the floor. Clients go through at any rate 10 weeks in purchasing the carpets.52% Customers purchase floor coverings if the current one is exhausted. Repurchase cycle for rugs is 12 years. Clients are not happy with the item data. The retailers and wholesalers are not giving full data. They are not giving data on value, shading, fitting rooms and quality. On the off chance that â€Å"product† and â€Å"service† quality is kept up, clients would hold with them as it were. They didn’t â€Å"promote† their items. Suggestions: Hold the clients by giving them offers that pulls in them without any problem. Give test strands to half floor covering plants that are not utilizing DuPont’s material and offer a value that fulfill their requirements. Give a gateway to the clients to pick their own shading and configuration as indicated by their decisions by teaming up with factories. Give better client care benefits via preparing the retailers and wholesalers. Give inventories to the clients to better attention to the item, regardless of whether it is retailer, distributer or last end client. Strategy: Distinguish the clients who are faithful to the organization, give them impetuses and advance the item brand. Select the area where deals of the organization are not sufficient and apply the options in contrast to them for example setting cost and offering offers to the rug factories. Later on work together with the plants in that area and train the wholesalers and retailers about the item and give them the full data alongside the lists. Offer better types of assistance to the clients by setting an entrance where they can pick their own plans and spot request to the floor covering factories. Execute the previously mentioned ventures for a quarter of a year and discover the business development. Spread the arrangement in the event that it worked in the chose area, by rolling out moment improvements to it as per the area. Alternate course of action: Since DuPont is a specialist and driving maker in the artificial strands, it can go for â€Å"VERTICAL INTEGRATION†. Rather than providing strands to cover factories, it can set up a factory and production floor coverings. It can straightforwardly manage the clients. The previously mentioned arrangement can be executed without the mediation of the plants. The Customer Satisfaction can be checked and it can become acquainted with the escape clauses all the while and in this manner prompting adjustment of the missteps and expanding the business development of the organization.

The Opioid Epidemic and Medicare Part D

The Opioid Epidemic and Medicare Part D Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Opioid Abuse Is on the Rise in the Medicare Population American seniors struggle with opioid abuse By Tanya Feke, MD facebook twitter linkedin Tanya Feke, MD, is a board-certified family physician, patient advocate and best-selling author of Medicare Essentials: A Physician Insider Explains the Fine Print. Learn about our editorial policy Tanya Feke, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on December 08, 2017 Roel Smart / E / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery From 2000 to 2014, nearly a half million people died from an opioid overdose, 165,000 of those being from prescription  narcotics. In 2016, it was estimated that 78 Americans die from opioid abuse every day. Half of these opioid-related deaths are attributed to prescription drugs. It doesnt matter if you are young or old, rich or poor, opioid abuse is a problem that needs to be addressed by the United States at large. How the U.S. Government Defines Addictive Drugs The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report that overdose deaths from opioids have increased four-fold since 1999. Interestingly, the use of prescription opioids also quadrupled during this time. Is the American health care system to blame? The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) assigns drugs to one of five different categories, referred to as Schedules. Schedules I through V describe whether a drug is appropriate for medical use in certain conditions and whether or not it has addictive potential. Schedule I: No medical use, high addictive potentialSchedule II: Medical use, high addictive potentialSchedule III: Medical use, moderate to low addictive potentialSchedule IV: Medical use, low addictive potentialSchedule V: Medical use, lowest addictive potential It should be no surprise that heroin falls under Schedule I (interestingly, so does marijuana). Common prescription opioids that fall into Schedule II are codeine, fentanyl (Sublimaze, Duragesic), hydromorphone (Dilaudid), methadone, meperidine (Demerol), morphine, and oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet). Schedule III narcotics include combination products containing less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dose (Vicodin), products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dose (Tylenol with Codeine), and buprenorphine (Suboxone). Have you ever been prescribed one of these medications? Pharmaceutical Companies Minimize the Risk for Addiction In 2001, The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) released its first statement on pain management. Intending to bring awareness to under-treated pain and to improve quality of care, JCAHO made recommendations that affected how hospitals monitored, addressed and treated pain. As a result, the pain scale came into existence, and there was an increased public awareness around pain control. That, in and of itself, is a great thing. No one should be in pain. The trouble, however, was that many people misunderstood what pain control was all about. It meant improving pain, not necessarily bringing pain levels down to 0 on a 0-10 scale. Elimination of pain is not always possible. With that came pressure on the health care system to live up to unrealistic expectations. While JCAHO did not tell healthcare providers how to treat pain, concern was raised over materials the Commission distributed that were sponsored by Purdue Pharma, the pharmaceutical company that makes OxyContin. The materials minimized the link between opioid medications and addiction. Pharmaceutical representatives for the company went so far as to say that the risk for addiction was  less than one percent when it was long known that the risk for abuse in non-cancer patients could reach as high as 50 percent. In fact, Purdue Pharma was later found guilty of misleading marketing practices and fined $634 million. It is important to note that the Joint Commission no longer distributes those materials to healthcare professionals but had the damage already been done? JCAHO states that prescription opioid use was on the rise before they released their statement but it is important to note that it continued to rise in the aftermath of the pain scale. Government Policies May Have Affected Opioid Prescribing In 2006, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) initiated the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS). The survey was used as a way to assess hospital performance and was completed by patients based on their experience during their hospital stay. HCAHPS includes questions about pain control: How often was your pain well controlled? and How often did the hospital staff do everything they could to help with your pain? The responses are subjective and do not necessarily represent what the patient actually received for pain control or if the care was the most medically appropriate. A patient who expected 0 on the pain scale could rate a hospital with a low score even if his pain was much improved over his stay. Still, it was a step in the right direction to hear how patients perceived their care. The problem? HCAHPS scores were linked to hospital reimbursement rates. CMS would pay hospitals more if they had higher scores. While CMS claims the pain control questions contributed little to payment, the fact is that they were included. The concern is that some healthcare professionals may have felt pressured to prescribe opioids to achieve higher scores. Aware that HCAHPS could have contributed indirectly to increased prescription opioid use, CMS has since removed the pain control survey questions from their reimbursement model. The data continues to be collected, however, to help hospitals improve quality of care and pain control. Medicares Increased Use of Opioid Drugs A 2016 study in JAMA Internal Medicine raised eyebrows when it revealed that Medicare beneficiaries were being prescribed a disproportionate amount of opioid medications after hospital stays. Specifically, researchers reviewed hospitalizations for approximately 623,000 Medicare beneficiaries in 2011. These beneficiaries were not previously on opioid medications, at least not for the 60 days preceding their hospital stay. Nearly 15 percent of them filled a new opioid prescription within one week of hospital discharge and 42.5 percent of them continued on those medications for longer than 90 days. For anyone who questioned whether HCAHPS affected prescription patterns, the study showed a modest correlation between inpatient satisfaction scores and new opioid prescriptions. Another study, this time in JAMA Psychiatry, also showed a concerning trend. Data from Medicare Part D was assessed and it was found that 6 in 1,000 Medicare beneficiaries have an opioid abuse disorder. This is a six-fold increase compared to people on other insurance plans. Why are Medicare beneficiaries more prone to opioid abuse? Do they truly have more chronic pain? Are they more likely to be put on opioids because, as seniors, they tend to have more hospitalizations? In that regard, is HCAHPS to blame? More investigation is needed so that we can get at the heart of the problem. We need to not only prevent opioid abuse but also the complications that surround it. What Can We Do to Stop Opioid Abuse? The opioid epidemic does not belong to any one group. Multiple factors led to this state of affairs, and collaboration between the government, pharmaceutical companies, insurance companies, healthcare systems and healthcare providers will be needed to make effective changes. These steps may help to move us in the right direction. Policies and regulations should not allow reimbursements to healthcare systems based on patient satisfaction scores that may relate to prescription drug use. This could shift prescription patterns in a way that favors higher payments to hospitals.Research needs to be done to develop newer less addictive pain treatments. Pharmaceutical companies and others need to invest money to increase available options.Insurers need to expand coverage of alternative pain therapies. Acupuncture, biofeedback, massage therapy, and physical therapy, for example, have shown benefit in improving pain levels but insurance does not always cover them.Healthcare providers may need additional training when it comes to pain management strategies and use of prescription opioids.Other pain therapies should be considered before opioid medications whenever possible. Using opioid therapies first-line is more likely to lead to continued use of those medications.Access to rehabilitation programs (counseling, medicat ions, etc.) that promote recovery from opioid abuse needs to be improved. People need help but limited resources are available to address the magnitude of the problem at the present time.

Hyper Sexual Addiction Is A Disorder Essay - 1731 Words

Hyper Sexual addiction is a disorder that can be defined as a person having a habitually elevated sex drive, fantasies, and urges. Nevertheless, compared to other sexual addictions, this could be known as one of the most riskiest and dangerous addiction. Hyper Sexual Addiction has become more prevalent because of the infidelities amongst some celebrities and political figures. Sexual addiction has always existed, but because of technology and social media, people have become aware of it. People who suffer from this disorder are like drug addicts that crave drugs; they think they can stop, but the urges are constantly there. According to An Elements Behavioral Health article (2016), for the sex addict, sexual activity provides an intense, intoxicating high while lacking an emotional connection, intimacy, or love. Once this high wears off, the urge starts back over again. An addict’s desires are never fulfilled, they crave and want more. The most common signs are excessiv e masturbation, pornography, or other websites are viewed frequently, having extra marital affairs without using any form of protection, and having one night stands with prostitutes or people who they don’t even know. People who suffer from any form of sexual addiction have a new stream of material they can rely on such as things they may see in the media, such as pictures, movies, lyrics, e-mails, chats, web cams and teledildonic. (Pizzol, et al, pg. 169)†. Some studies have suggested that menShow MoreRelatedHyper Sexuality And Sex Addiction1655 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Hyper sexual disorder/hyper sexuality , also commonly referred to as sexual addiction, is a condition diagnosed by psychiatrists and mental health researchers that plagues the addict with intensified and increased sexual impulses. These urges can lead to a significant increase in sexual activity.   Sex addiction is often thought to be synonymous with a high sex drive, but it is comparably as destructive and life altering as many other addictions. Research and studies show that thoseRead MorePossible Causes and Effects of Internet Addiction1189 Words   |  5 Pagesforces. Dr Kimberly S Young (1995). Dr Kimberly S Young says that prior research links internet addiction with existing mental health issues such as social anxiety, depression, and antisocial personality disorder and if not treated properly can have a significant effect on the patient socially, psychologically and occupationally. It will be argued that the psychodynamic approach to find an underlying disorder will be a m ore effective approach to an intervention for an individual addicted to the internetRead MoreSexualized Culture And Its Effects On Hyper Sexuality Disorder2920 Words   |  12 PagesSexualized Culture and its Effects on Hyper Sexuality Disorder Matthew Ponsock Wright State University English 2100-32 Sexualized Culture and Its Effects on Hyper Sexuality Disorder Hyper sexuality, sexual compulsivity, sexual addiction, and even out-of-control sexual behavior, are all terms that relate to the same thing: hyper sexuality disorder. Hyper sexuality disorder is one in which a person experiences extremely frequent or suddenly increased sexual urges or sexual activity. Influenced by both physiologicalRead MoreSexual Addiction2325 Words   |  10 PagesSEXUAL ADDICTION Sexual addiction is a popular model to explain hyper sexuality —sexual urges, behaviors, or thoughts that appear extreme in frequency or feel out of ones control. Hyper sexuality is typically associated with lowered sexual inhibitions. Alcohol and some drugs can affect a persons social and sexual inhibitions. There are differences of opinion among sexologists, sociologists, psychologists and other specialists as to whether the phenomenon represents an actual addiction orRead MoreSymptoms Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder843 Words   |  4 Pagesshowing symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD. Under the DSM-V the diagnostic code follows 309.81 (F43.10) and finds the criteria by clinically significant distress or impairment in social and/or occupational dysfunction for a period of at least one month and symptoms are not due to medical condition, medication or drugs and alcohol. 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Sexual assault is becoming a big problem on college campuses, and school officials are under reporting and trying to cover up the assaults because there are perverse economic and reputational incentives to hide those numbers. Being a freshman at a college, it is normal to feel nervous about being in a new environment. It becomes abnormal when you fear for your life during the first few weeks as a freshman. The most vulnerable age group for sexual assault is college studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Abuse On A Child s Brain Structure1159 Words   |  5 Pagesof childhood trauma, and  ¼ had 2 or more types of childhood trauma. Child hood trauma also effects a child’s body natural equilibrium, Trauma can lead the body’s natural equilibrium into a disorder. If a person’s body natural equilibrium does become affected then that person can become frozen in a state of hyper arousal and fear. A child’s sleep cycle can become affected as well. A person who has not been affected by trauma falls asleep much faster than a child who has experienced trauma and/or abuseRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Counseling Profession1371 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual. Individuals who may seek counse ling are individuals who encountered marriage and family issues, stressful or traumatic events and drug and substance abuse. In this research assignment, I will discuss events the effects of traumatic events, addictions, family therapy theories, and optimal health and wellness. Crisis and Traumatic Events in life At some point, everyone had encountered a crisis or traumatic event in their lives, whether it was due to the death of a love one or becoming terminallyRead MoreEssay about Sexual Behavior1803 Words   |  8 Pagescan become compulsive, Like most behaviors, sex can be taken to its obsessive compulsive extremes. Sexual obsessions compulsions are recurrent, distressing interfere with daily functioning. Many people suffer with these problems but finding consensus about them among sexual scientists or treatment professionals is not easy. This makes it more difficult for those suffering from compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) to get the appropriate help they need. 2There are different types of (CSB) and there

High Education Is A Modern Day Crisis - 3165 Words

Tuition to attend a university or college in America has gradually been increasing making the pursuit for a degree even more expensive than before. The escalation of the affordability of seeking a higher education is a modern day crisis! A college degree is very important in today’s fields predominantly due to the increase in competition for a job. Degrees are viewed as a requirement for a numerous amount of jobs even though one is not guaranteed work in that field. Compared to other countries around the world, America has been gradually dwindling down the ranks in student’s standardized test scores in subjects taught in school. Why has this become a trend? The pursuit for a higher education in America should be free for whoever meets admission standards, as well as maintaining state requirements to their public college of choice, regardless of the applicant’s ability to pay. Yes, the government offers financial aid to students who qualify for it, but being drown ed in an ocean of debt after graduation is not ideal for anyone and actually discouraging. So why should one even attend college in the first place? This is an easy question to answer if they have got what it takes to graduate. Attending college is an investment in your education and statistically has a high return; a return higher than an investment in the stock market or housing market on average. â€Å"According to the classic investment theory that describes the decision to attend college, individuals weigh theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Solving the Foreclosure Crisis and Egotistical Materialism1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe foreclosure crisis in America is only an effect of a much deeper underlying problem: egotistical materialism. 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Serial Killers Biology or Upbringing Free Essays

string(40) " of the reason why serial killers kill\." As people in today’s society, we are constantly being bombarded with the crazy actions that mankind is capable of. We watch the news and hear about murders, or even read a book about a mysterious killer. As we go through these pieces of reality, one can’t help but be struck by the thought–what causes a person to act so violently? There have been many studies done to try and find an answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing or any similar topic only for you Order Now For a crime such as serial killing, there are two thoughts. The first idea is that serial killing is caused by an abnormality in the frontal lobe of the brain. The other is that serial killers are bred by circumstance which means they have certain genes that make them prone to becoming a killer. With some analysis, the evidence for both theories can serve to prove that serial killers are genetically different. Serial killers have been named many different names over the years by experts. â€Å"In the 19th century, psychopathology was considered to be ‘moral insanity’† (Scott, par. 2). Moral insanity is when ones emotions are damaged, causing them to be carried away by furious instinct. That shows why experts would consider calling serial killers morally insane. Current experts call serial killers a biological disaster† (Scott, par. 2). This means they are born into this world already marked as a disaster. A former psychologist says there are two types, â€Å"They are known as ‘Antisocial personality disorder’ or ‘Social pathology’† (Scott, par. 2). Antisocial personality disorder killers usually do not interact with people which can be their reason for becoming a killer. Social pathology killers are disorganized in the world which makes them uneasy and more tempted to becoming a serial killer. These names can simply describe every type of serial killer in the world. The most serial killings have occurred in California. According to Michael Stone who has a Ph. D. in psychology, â€Å"California leads in the US with the most Serial Homicide cases that have occurred† (Stone 293). Another true statement that Michael has stated is, â€Å"The USA has 76% of the world’s serial killers† (Stone 293). This is showing that if the USA has 76% of the world’s serial killers, than California has more than half. This is an important thing that Michael Stone has found out. Getting to the bottom of why these serial killers kill can help solve the massive amounts of serial killing not only in California, but in the United States as well. It has been said that, â€Å"Europe in second, has 17%. England has produced 28% of the European total of serial killings† (Stone 293). Not only is the Untied States being threatened by massive amounts of Serial Homicides, but so is Europe. Looking at these numbers and percentages can be frightening that’s why understanding serial killers can possibly get rid of this problem. Most of the serial killers in the Untied States are males. Michael Stone has also came to find this out, â€Å"Less than 1% of female population are psychopaths and between 3-5% of men are psychopaths† (Scott, par. 3). Men are more likely to have an antisocial personality disorder or social pathology disorder. Men are genuinely stronger than women which can be another reason why there are more men serial killers than women. â€Å"†¦massive amounts of the frontal lobotomy’s done in the 40’s and 50’s, has been shown to factor into about 64% of male murders housed on death row right now in the United States† (â€Å"A Look Inside Serial Killers,† par. ). Frontal lobotomy was a form of psychosurgery to check the brain for abnormalities. So due to the abnormal frontal lobe section of the brain, males have struck out in violence and the United States is leading 64% on death row. Thus, another frightening situation that should be stopped. â€Å"Most serial killers are males under 50† (Scott, par. 8). This is probably because with age, the brain begins to mature. Also, people over 50 are getting old and don’t have the stamina or ability to kill anymore. The way serial killers feel can be the cause of why they become a serial killer. Phychophysiologist Adrian Raine, Ph. D. has stated, â€Å"A lack of remorse is the hallmark of the psychopath† (Stone 320). Having no care in the world about what they do is the main cause of serial killers. They feel nothing for the people they kill nor will they ever feel something. Serial killers show no emotion for the wrong they do. â€Å"They feel less fear and anxiety than normal people† (Scott, par. 5). Thus, the reason why they kill. Having less anxiety than a normal person means if and when they kill, they will not be scared of their consequences. Also stated by Adrian Raine, â€Å"‘Callous unemotional’ children seem in many instances to be the psychopaths of the future† (Stone 319). Children that show no emotion are known as Callous unemotional. This is a way of determining a psychopathic trait in children. Showing little or no emotion is a huge trait in serial killers. Serial killers are caused by biology rather than upbringing. â€Å"If you’re antisocial but come from a good home, the reasons for violent behavior may have more to do with biology than the upbringing† (Raine, par. 2). Meaning a good home can mean nothing if that person already prone to becoming a serial killer. Also means serial killing can be passed down the family tree. â€Å"Dysfunctional brain—not dysfunctional families—explains murders, especially when the murderer comes from a ‘good’ home† (Raine, par. 1). Something in these murderer’s brains triggers them to kill, not their environment. It’s obvious if they come from a good home/environment that it has to do with a dysfunctional brain. â€Å"Some people have biological systems that make it hard. If an individual has a right orbital cortex that is not functioning well, they’re biologically disadvantaged in developing a conscience† (Raine, par. 5). People with no conscience feel no remorse for the bad things they do, which is a trait of a serial killer. So in conclusion dysfunctional brains are the majority of the reason why serial killers kill. You read "Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing" in category "Essay examples" Genetics contribute to the building of a serial killer. A Genetic scientist once said, â€Å"On a Genetic level some people are more prone to becoming a serial killer† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 3). Just like any gene the serial killer gene can be brought down and passed around the family tree. That same Genetic scientist also said, â€Å"The biological relatives of psychopaths were 4-5 times more likely to be psychopathic than the average person† (Scott, par. 7). Meaning if a person’s family member is a serial killer, that person is more likely and at a huge disadvantage of becoming a serial killer. According to Adrian Raine, â€Å"†¦we may even encounter a child with such genetic disadvantage, that his aggression cannot be curbed even by the most tender and devoted parents† (Stone 320). This kid has too many bad genes to even try and help him not become violent or even a serial killer. This shows that not even the best therapy can help change a serial killer because it’s all in their genes. A certain gene can cause a person such as a serial killer to become violent to the point where they murder. â€Å"A gene called Monoamine Oxidase-A also known as the violent gene, is something found in almost all serial killers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"A Look Inside Serial Killers,† par. 4). This shows that this gene is very dangerous and the cause of almost all serial killers. This should be widely viewed by doctors and scientists to help the growing problem of this Monoamine Oxidase-A gene. Mothers pass down the dysfunction in the form of the MAOA gene to their sons† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 4). There are more male serial killers than females because of this dysfunctional gene passed down by mothers. So as Adrian Raine has discovered, â€Å"Damage to the frontal lobe with the dysfunction of the MAOA gene, we can certainly conclude that they are genetically pre-disposed for violence† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 5). Dysfunctional brains and dysfunctional genes are the leading reasons of why serial killers kill. Certain brain activity can cause a person to become violent. Research has found an increased propensity for aggressive behavior among individuals with lower function in areas of the brain (Raine, par. 21). This means people with aggressive behavior have lower brain functions in certain parts of the brain. Researchers have also found that, â€Å"†¦more impulsive killers showed lower prefrontal functioning and heightened sub cortical function† (Stone 319). The killers that kill on impulse have uneven functions in the brain which causes them to kill. They have high functions in some parts and low functions in the other parts. Adrian Raine says, â€Å"The need for higher levels of stimulation makes the psychopath seek dangerous situation† (Scott, par. 6). The result for higher levels of stimulation results in killing. Less activity in the brain is another reason why serial killers kill. â€Å"Killers who came from a good background averaged 5. 7% less activity in the medial prefrontal cortex† (Raine, par. 10). Less activity in the prefrontal cortex leads to violence. â€Å"Murderers from good backgrounds are more likely to have reduced activity in two key brain areas than murderers from bad backgrounds† (Raine, par. 3). A murderer with reduced activity means more violence, because they are constantly seeking danger. â€Å"When the kids come from a good home, a biological deficit may be to blame† (Raine, par. 11). Meaning genes that are passed down are to blame when a serial killer came from a good home. Serial killers have lower brain functions that make them kill. Founded by Adrian Raine, â€Å"The first evidence for structural changes in the brain of antisocial men explained the low arousal in these men, along with their inadequate response to fear, their lack of conscience, and their poor decision-making skills† (Stone 319). Antisocial men have three structural changes in their brain. These men are more likely to get caught because of their poor decision-making skills. The predatory killers were more able to plot and scheme successfully, lowering their risk of getting caught (Stone 319). These killers are a lot smarter than the antisocial men and often don’t get caught. People with lower prefrontal functioning, their ability to monitor and inhabit violent ambitions was weaker (Stone 319). Meaning the lower the prefrontal functioning is in the brain, makes killers want to kill without the slightest chance of stopping and realizing that it’s wrong. Damage to the prefrontal brain is the most common amongst all serial killers. Prefrontal cortex is involved in long-term planning as well as judgment; the statistics show that approximately 70% of brain-injured patients develop aggressive tendencies (Packard, par. 1). Damage to the prefrontal cortex affects judgment and judgment is always affected in a serial killers brain. They don’t know right from wrong, which has to do with their judgment skills. The prefrontal cortex is a far deeper area of the brain that gives rise to aggressive behavior (Raine, par. 12). So damage to this area can result in the worst aggressive behavior such as serial killing. â€Å"50-58% of psychopaths show abnormal brain wave patterns† (Scott, par. 8). This shows that more than half of the serial killers in the world have abnormal brain waves. Another part of the brain if damaged may make you violent is the frontal lobe. A former psychologist said, â€Å"The frontal lobe acts as the conscience† (â€Å"A Look inside Serial Killers,† par. 3). Without a conscience people act out in violent behavior because they have nothing in their brain to tell them it’s wrong. Thus, they become cold blooded killers. According to Michael Stone, â€Å"†¦children with psychopathic traits showed abnormal responses in the frontal lobe cortex†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Stone 320). This shows that even in children their brains can be abnormal and lead to serial killings later in life. â€Å"In humans, the frontal lobe of the brain is responsible for much of the behavior that allows humans to live together in stable social relationships. It is what stops most human beings from acting on their inherent violent tendencies† (â€Å"Brain Injuries,† par. 3). So damage to the frontal lobe makes it hard for that person to commit to a stable social relationship and may act very violently. In conclusion, serial killers are biologically different then regular people. They have lower brain functions and are genetically prone to becoming a serial killer. They tend to act upon violent actions due to their abnormal brain waves in their frontal lobe and prefrontal cortex. As everyone can see from this research, serial killers kill not because of their upbringing, but because of biology. This is why they are known by many experts as biological disasters. Works Cited https://hubpages.com/politics/Brain-Injury-in-Serial-Killers https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/04/980410101830.htm How to cite Serial Killers: Biology or Upbringing, Essay examples

From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing free essay sample

This report discusses how the marketing mix management paradigm has dominated the marketing thought, research and practice since it was introduced almost 40 years ago, but today new marketing approaches are being introduced and used. The globalization of business and the evolving recognition of the importance of customer retention and market economies and of customer relationship economics, among other trends, reinforce the change in mainstream marketing. Marketing Mix The term marketing mix is probably one of the most famous marketing terms used by millions of people. Its elements are known as the Four Ps, which are price, place, product, and promotion. These four variables are the variables that marketing managers can control in order to best satisfy customers in the target market. Figure 1: Marketing Mix Model – 4Ps Marketing the way most textbooks treat it today was introduced around 1960. The concept of the marketing mix and the Four Ps of marketing – product, price, place and promotion – entered the marketing textbooks at that time. Quickly they also became treated as the unchallenged basic model of marketing, so totally overpowering previous models and approaches, such as, for example, the organic functionalist approach advocated by Wroe Alderson as well as other systems-oriented approaches and parameter theory developed by the Copenhagen School in Europe that these are hardly remembered, even with a footnote in most textbooks of today. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The marketing mix refers to variables that a marketing manager can control to influence a brand’s sales or market share. Traditionally, these variables are summarized as the Four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place (i. e. , distribution). Product refers to aspects such as the firm’s portfolio of products, the newness of those products, their differentiation from competitors, or their superiority to rivals’ products in terms of quality. Promotion refers to advertising, detailing, or informative sales promotions such as features and displays. Price refers to the product’s list price or any incentive sales promotion such as quantity discounts, temporary price cuts, or deals. Place refers to delivery of the product measured by variables such as distribution, availability, and shelf space. The 4Ps model is just one of many marketing mix lists that have been developed over the years. And, whilst the questions we have listed above are keys, they are just a subset of the detailed probing that may be required to optimize your marketing mix. Amongst the other marketing mix models have been developed over the years is the 7Ps, sometimes called the extended marketing mix, which include the first 4 Ps, plus people, processes and physical layout decisions. Another marketing mix approach is Lauterborns 4Cs, which presents the elements of the marketing mix from the buyers, rather than the sellers, perspective. It is made up of Customer needs and wants (the equivalent of product), Cost (price), Convenience (place) and Communication (promotion). Cultural policies to promote diversity of cultural expressions today must deal with numerous factors and needs, some of which concern the right of all groups to their forms of expression, and others strictly with business feasibility and the possibility of marketing on a global scale. These different factors may be difficult to reconcile but they are complementary as none can survive and be managed without referring to or involving the other. From the perspective of production development, it is frequently stated that cultural expressions need to find their market in order to survive, but it is also the case that the sacrificing of cultural content with little market value lowers the value of cultural production overall. From the perspective of rights to and processes of identity construction, culture generates services that cannot be governed exclusively by the market, especially in view of the marginality of subaltern groups. Nevertheless, it is almost impossible to think of cultural practices and consumption today without involving the market in some way. For marketers in the cultural industry it is important to identify the factors influencing consumers’ purchasing. Cultural factors are essentially important in selection of the two elements of place and product. For example, someone brought p in an environment that values art would be more likely to buy artistic products. Even it may be important considering customers in terms of their sub-culture. One may be surrounded by people who not only value art but place a higher priority on paintings as opposed to the music. As a result, they will be more likely to buy paintings rather than musical instrument. Pricing the artistic products and act ivities should also follow a logic trend. This practice may be done through some standards set among artists of the same class or by the very artist creator of his work. In general, as it can be seen, due to the difference. (Shahhosseini Ardahaey, 2011) The Four Ps of the marketing mix became an indisputable paradigm in academic research, the validity of which was taken for granted. For most marketing researchers in large parts of the academic world it seems to remain the marketing truth even today. The Four Ps of the marketing mix had been even referred to as â€Å"the holy quadruple†¦of the marketing faith written in tablets of stone. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The marketer plans various means of competition and blends them into a â€Å"marketing mix† so that a profit function is optimized, or rather satisfied. The â€Å"marketing mix†, concept was introduced by Neil Borden in the 1950s, and the mix of different means of competitions was soon labeled the Four Ps. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Any marketing paradigm should be well set to fulfill the marketing concept, i. e. the notion that the firm is best off by designing and directing its activities according to the needs and desires of customers in chosen target markets. Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) American Marketing Association, in its most recent definition states that marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchange and satisfy individual and organizational objectives (emphasis added) (Gronroos, From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, 1994) The problem with the Marketing Mix One can easily argue that the four Ps of the marketing mix are not well able to fulfill the requirements of the marketing concept. As Dixon and Blois put it, â€Å"†¦indeed it would not be unfair to suggest that far from being concerned with a customer’s interests (i. e. somebody for whom something is done) the views implicit in the Four P approach is that the customer is somebody to whom something is done! † (emphasis added) . To use a marketing metaphor, the marketing mix and its four Ps constitute a production-oriented definition of marketing, and not a market-oriented or customer oriented one. Moreover, although the interactive nature of the Ps is recognized, the model itself does not explicitly include any interactive elements. Furthermore, it does not indicate the nature and scope of such interactions. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Van Waterschoot and Van den Bulte recognize three flaws in the Four P model: * â€Å"The properties or characteristics that are the basis for classification have not been identified. * The categories are not mutually exclusive. * There is a catch-all subcategory that is continually growing† . Many marketing-related phenomena are not included. Moreover, as Johan Arndt has concluded, marketing research remains narrow in scope and even myopic, and methodological issues become more important than substance matters. Gronroos, From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing, 1994) The Nature of the Marketing Mix The usefulness of the Four Ps as a general marketing theory for practical purposes is, to say the least, highly questionable. Originally, although they were largely based on empirical induction and earlier lists of marketing functions of the functional school of marketing, they were probably developed under the influence of microeconomic theory and specially the theory of monopolistic competition of the 1930s, in order to add more realism to that theory. However, very soon the connection to microeconomic theory was cut off and subsequently totally forgotten. Theoretically, the marketing mix became just a list of Ps without roots. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Managing the marketing mix makes marketing seem too easy to handle and organize. Marketing is separated from other activities of the firm and delegated to specialists who take care of the analysis, planning and implementation of various marketing tasks, such as market analysis, marketing planning, advertising, sales promotion, sales, pricing, distribution and product packaging. Marketing departments are created to take responsibility for the marketing function of the firm, The marketing department approach to organizing the marketing function has isolated marketing from design, production, deliveries, technical service, complaints handling, invoicing and other activities of the firm. As a consequence, the rest of the organization has been alienated from marketing. Therefore, it has made it difficult, often even impossible, to turn marketing into the â€Å"integrative function† that would provide other departments with the market-related input needed in order to make the organization truly market oriented and reach a stage of â€Å"co-ordinated marketing† the marketing specialists organized in a marketing department may get alienated from the customers. Managing the marketing mix means relying on mass marketing. Customers become numbers for the marketing specialists, whose actions, therefore, typically are based on surface information obtained from market research reports and market share statistics. Frequently such marketers act without ever having encountered a real customer. The marketing department concept is obsolete and has to be replaced by some other way of organizing the marketing function, so that the organization will have a chance to become market-oriented. A traditional marketing department will always, in the final analysis, stand in the way of spreading market orientation. The use of the marketing mix management paradigm and the Four Ps has made it very difficult for the marketing function to earn credibility. Some firms have solved this problem not only by downscaling or altogether terminating their marketing departments but also by banning the use of the term marketing for the marketing function. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) What is the History of the Marketing Mix? A paradigm like this has to be well founded by theoretical deduction and empirical research; otherwise much of marketing research is based on a loose foundation and the results of it questionable. Let us look at the history of the marketing mix paradigm and the four Ps. The marketing mix developed from a notion of the marketer as a mixer of ingredients, which was an expression originally used by James Culliton (1948) in a study of marketing costs in 1947 and 1948. The marketer plans various means of competitions and blends them into a marketing mix, so that a profit function is optimized, or rather satisfied. The marketing mix is actually a list of categories of marketing variables, and to begin with, this way of defining or describing a phenomenon can never be considered a very valid one. A list never includes all relevant elements, it does not fit every situation, and it becomes obsolete. And indeed, marketing academics every now and then offer additional Ps to the list, once they have found the standard tablet of faith too limited. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Kotler has, in the context of megamarketing, added public relations and politics, thus expanding the list to six Ps. In service marketing. Booms and Bitner (1982) have suggested three additional Ps, people, physical evidence and process. Judd (1987) among others, has argued for just one new P, people. Advocators of the marketing mix paradigm sometimes have suggested that service should be added to the list of Ps (e. g. Lambert and Harrington 1989 and Collier 1991). J It is, by the way, interesting to notice that after the four Ps were definitely canonized sometime in the early 1970s new items to the list are almost exclusively put in the form of Ps It is also noteworthy that Bordens original marketing mix included 12 elements, and that this list was not intended to be a definition at all. Borden considered it guidelines only, which the marketer probably would have to reconsider in any given situation. In line with the mixer of ingredients metaphor he also implied that the marketer would blend the various ingredients or variables of the mix into an integrated marketing program. This is a fact that advocators of the four Ps (or five, six, seven or more Ps) and of todays marketing mix approach seem to have totally forgotten. In fact, the four Ps represent a significant oversimplification of Bordens original concept. McCarthy either misunderstood the meaning of Bordens marketing mix when he reformulated the original list in the shape of the rigid mnemonic of the four Ps where no blending of the Ps is explicitly included; or his followers misinterpreted McCarthys intentions. In many marketing textbooks organized around the marketing mix, such as Philip Kotlers well-known Marketing Management (e. g. 991), the blending aspect and the need for integration of the four Ps are discussed, even in depth, but such discussions are always limited due to the fact that the model does not explicitly include an integrative dimension. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Contemporary Theories of Marketing In most marketing textbooks the marketing mix management paradigm and its Four Ps are still considered the theory of marketing. Indeed, this is the case in much of the academic research into marketi ng; however, since the 1960s alternative theories of marketing have been developed. As Moller observes in a recent overview of research traditions in marketing, â€Å"from the functional view of marketing ‘mix’ management our focus has extended to the strategic role of marketing, aspects of service marketing, political dimensions of channel management, interactions in industrial networks; to mention just a few evolving trends. The interaction/network approach to industrial marketing was originated in Sweden at Uppsala University during the 1960s and has since spread to a large number of countries. Between the parties in a network various interactions take place, where exchanges and adaptations to each other occur. A flow of goods and information as well as financial and social exchanges takes place in the network. In such a network the role and forms of marketing are not very clear. All exchanges, all sorts of interactions have an impact on the position of the parties in the network. The interactions are not necessarily initiated by the seller – the marketer according to the marketing mix management paradigm – and they may continue over a long period of time, for example, for several years. The seller, who at the same time may be the buyer in a reciprocal setting, may of course employ marketing specialists, such as sales representatives, market communication people and market analysts but in addition to them a large number of persons in functions which according to the marketing mix management paradigm are non-marketing, such as research and development, design, deliveries, customer training, invoicing and credit management, has a decisive impact on the marketing success of the â€Å"seller† in the network. In the early 1970s the marketing of services started to emerge as a separate area of marketing with concepts and models of its own geared to typical characteristics of services. In Scandinavia and Finland the Nordic School of Services more than research into this field elsewhere looked at the marketing of services as something that cannot be separated from overall management. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The New Approaches and the Marketing Mix The interaction and network approach of industrial marketing and modern service marketing approaches, especially the one by the Nordic School, clearly views marketing as an interactive process in a social context where relationship building and management is a vital cornerstone. They are in some respects clearly related to the systems-based approaches to marketing of the 1950s (compare, for example, Alderson 1957). The marketing mix paradigm and its four Ps, on the other hand, is a much more clinical approach, which makes the seller the active part and the buyer and consumer passive. No personalized relationship with the producer and marketer of a product is supposed to exist, other than with professional sales representatives in some case. The development of innovative theories, models and concepts of industrial marketing (interaction/network approach) and service marketing has clearly demonstrated that the marketing mix paradigm and its four Ps finally have reached the end of the road as the universal marketing theory. From a management point of view the four Ps, undoubtedly, may have been helpful. The use of various means of competition became more organized. However, the four Ps were never applicable to all markets and to all types of marketing situations. The development of alternative marketing theories discussed above demonstrate that even from a management perspective, the marketing mix and its four Ps became a problem. Their pedagogic elegance and deceiving sense of simplicity made practical marketing management look all too clinical and straightforward even for actors in the consumer packaged goods field where they were originally intended to be used. Consumer goods amounts to a considerable business, and there the four Ps could still fulfill a function. However, many of the customer relationships of manufacturers of consumer goods are industrial-type relationships with wholesalers and retailers, and the retailers of consumer goods more and more consider themselves service providers. In such situations the four Ps have less to offer even in the consumer goods field. Moreover, as far as the marketing of consumer goods from the manufacturer to the ultimate consumers is concerned, there is a growing debate whether one can continue to apply marketing in the traditional mass marketing way. Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) The Future: The Relationship Marketing Concept In the relationship marketing concept to be presented here the core variables are relationships, networks and interaction. The choice is not arbitrary; these variables recurrently emerge in the new marketing theories that have challenged the reigning marketing management paradigm during the past twenty-five years. These variables are not new; they we re there thousands of years ago and they present themselves ‘‘here and now. ’ They will be here in the future, no matter if they are represented by relationship marketing or something else. They are part of society. In fact, society is nothing less than a network of relationships within which we interact, and marketing is a dimension of society. Research and education in business have only recently begun to acknowledge the existence of relationships, but have not as yet understood their omnipresence and deep impact on marketing. Although it is encouraging that relationships have been made visible and that the interest in them is soaring, major problems follow. One is that those who start to explore and implement relationship marketing techniques are often not sufficiently familiar with the foundations of relationship marketing, its paradigm. Furthermore, relationship marketing is put under siege by the traditional marketing management paradigm, and the techniques used in relationship marketing implementation are often more grounded in marketing management values than in relationship marketing values. (Gummesson, 2002) An integral element of the relationship marketing approach is the promise concept, which has been strongly emphasized by Henrik Calonius According to him the responsibilities of marketing do not only, or predominantly, including giving promises and thus persuading customers as passive counterparts on the marketplace to act in a given way. Fulfilling promises that have been given is equally important as means of achieving customer satisfaction, retention of the customer base and long-term profitability (compare also Reichheld and Sasser). He also stresses the fact that promises are mutually given and fulfilled. (Gronroos, Toward a Relationship Marketing Paradigm, 1994) Relationship Marketing There are many definitions of relationship marketing, most of them stressing the development and maintenance of long term relationships with customers and sometimes with other stakeholders. Total relationship marketing is marketing based on relationships, networks and interaction, recognizing that marketing is embedded in the total management of the networks of the selling organization, the market and society. It is directed to long term win-win relationships with individual customers, and value is jointly created between the parties involved. It transcends the boundaries between specialist functions and disciplines. Total relationship marketing embraces not just the supplier-customer dyad as does one-to-one marketing and CRM (customer relationship management) but also relationships to a supplier’s own suppliers, to competitors and to middlemen; these are all market relationships. (Gummesson, 2002) Is There a Paradigm Shift in Marketing? Relationships do not function by themselves. As McInnes said already three decades ago, â€Å"the existence of a market relation is the foundation of exchange not a substitute for it†. Only in extreme situations, for example when the computer systems of a buyer and a materials provider are connected to each other in order to initiate and execute purchase decisions automatically, the relationship, at least for some time, may function by itself. In such situations one comes close to what Johan rndt called â€Å"domesticated markets†, where â€Å"transactions†¦are usually handled by administrative processes on the basis of negotiated rules of exchange†. Normally, advertising, distribution and product branding, for example, will still be needed, but along with a host of other activities and resources. (Gummesson, 2002) However, what marketing deserves is new perspectives, which are more market-oriented and less manipulative, and where the customer indeed is the focal point as suggested by the marketing concept. Conclusion Marketing mix as a general perspective evolved because at one time it was an effective way of describing and managing many marketing situations. Before the marketing mix there were other approaches. Now time has made this approach less helpful other than in specific situations. New paradigms have to come. After all, we live in the 1990s, and we cannot for ever continue to live with a paradigm from the 1950s and 1960s. However, bearing in mind the long-term damages of the marketing mix as the universal truth, we are going to need several approaches or paradigms Relationship marketing will be one of them.